@Article{ springerlink:10.1007/s00779-011-0470-5,
author = "Fran\c{c}ois Portet and Michel Vacher and Caroline Golanski and Camille Roux and Brigitte Meillon",
affiliation = "Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble UMR 5217, UJF-Grenoble 1/Grenoble-INP /UPMF-Grenoble 2/CNRS, 38041 Grenoble, France",
title = "Design and evaluation of a smart home voice interface for the elderly: acceptability and objection aspects",
journal = "Personal and Ubiquitous Computing",
publisher = "Springer London",
issn = "1617-4909",
keyword = "Computer Science",
pages = "1--18",
url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00779-011-0470-5",
note = "10.1007/s00779-011-0470-5"
}

@article{VACHER_JEHMC11,
author = "Michel Vacher and François Portet and Anthony Fleury and Norbert Noury",
title = "Development of Audio Sensing Technology for Ambient Assisted Living: Applications and Challenges",
journal = "International Journal of E-Health and Medical Communications",
publisher = "IGI Publishing, Hershey-New York, USA",
month = "march",
year = "2011",
volume = "2",
number ="1",
pages ="35 - 54",
keywords = "Daily Living, Independent Living, Life Expectancy, Support Vector Machine, Telemedecine",
issn ="1947-315X EISSN: 1947-3168",
}

@article{FLEURY_JEHMC11,
author = "Anthony Fleury and Norbert Noury and Michel Vacher",
title = "Improving Supervised Classification of Activities of Daily Living Using Prior Knowledge",
journal = "International Journal of E-Health and Medical Communications",
publisher = "IGI Publishing, Hershey-New York, USA",
month = "march",
year = "2011",
volume = "2",
number ="1",
pages ="17 - 34",
keywords = "Ambiant assisted Living, Audio Analysis, AuditHIS System, Health smart Homes, Safety and Comfort",
issn ="1947-315X EISSN: 1947-3168",
}

@article{FLEURY_titb10,
author = "Anthony Fleury and Michel Vacher and Norbert Noury",
title = "SVM-Based Multi-Modal Classification of Activities of Daily Living in Health Smart Homes: Sensors, Algorithms and First Experimental Results",
journal = "Information Technology in Biomedicine, IEEE Transactions on",
publisher = "IEEE",
month = "march",
year = "2010",
volume = "14",
number ="2",
pages ="274 -283",
keywords = "",
doi = "10.1109/TITB.2009.2037317",
ISSN = "1089-7771"
}

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@inbook{BookChapterVACHER2010,
author = "Michel Vacher and Anthony Fleury and François Portet and Jean-François Serignat and Norbert Noury",
title = "Complete Sound and Speech Recognition System for Health Smart Homes: Application to the Recognition of Activities of Daily Living",
journal = "New Developments in Biomedical Engineering",
publisher = "Intech Book",
note = "{ISBN}: 978-953-7619-57-2",
editor = "Domenico Campolo",
url = "http://sciyo.com/books/show/title/new-developments-in-biomedical-engineering",
pages = "645 -- 673",
month = "Feb.",
year = "2010"
}

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@article{ISTRATE08,
author = " Dan Istrate and Michel Vacher and Jean-François Serignat",
title = " Embedded Implementation of Distress Situation Identification Through Sound Analysis ",
journal = "The Journal on Information Technology in Healthcare",
volume = "6",
issue = "3",
pages = "204-211",
year = "2008"
}

@article{VACHER08,
author = " M. Vacher and D. Istrate and J.F. Serignat",
title = " Probabilistic Models for Speech and Sound Analysis ",
journal = "Annals of the University of Craiova",
series = "Automation, Computers, Electronics and Mechatronics",
volume = "4(31)",
issue = "3",
pages = "129-136",
year = "2007"
}

@article{VACHER06,
author = "M. Vacher and J.F. Serignat and S. Chaillol and D. Istrate and V. Popescu",
title = " Speech and Sound Use in a Remote Monitoring System for Health Care ",
bookseries = "Lecture Notes in Computer Science",
publisher = "Springer Berlin/Heidelberg",
editor = "P. Sojka, I. Kopecek, K. Pala",
subject = "Artificial Intelligence",
book = "Text Speech and Dialogue",
volume = "4188/2006",
isbn = "978-3-540-39090-9",
pages = "711-718",
year = "2006",
url = "http://www.springerlink.com/content/165452q21vm77626/"
}

@article{ISTRATE06b,
author = "D. Istrate and M. Vacher and J.F. Serignat and L. Besacier and E. Castelli",
title = "Système de télésurveillance sonore pour la détection de situations de détresse ",
title = "Remote monitoring sound system for distress situations detection",
journal = "ITBM-RBM",
volume = "27",
issue = "2",
pages = "35-45",
month = "May",
year = "2006",
publisher = "Elsevier",
url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmret.2005.11.001"
}

@article{ISTRATE06a,
author = "D. Istrate and E. Castelli and M. Vacher and L. Besacier and J.-F. Serignat",
title = "Information Extraction From Sound for Medical Telemonitoring",
journal = "Information Technology in Biomedicine, IEEE Transactions on",
volume = "10",
issue = "2",
pages = "264-274",
month = "April",
year = "2006"
}

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@article{WURSTER94,
author = "K. Wurster and F. Weiss and A. Rouault and M. Audier and M. Vacher",
title = "Study of the magnetic flux line patterns in HTSC-crystals by means of decoration technique and image analysis",
journal = "Physica C",
pages = "235-240",
year = "1994"
}

@article{MENGUY93,
author = "N. Menguy and M. Audier and P. Guyot and M. Vacher ",
title = "Pentagonal phases as a transient state of the reversible icosahedral-rhombohedral transformation in Al-Fe-Cu",
journal = "Phil. Mag. B",
volume = "68",
number = "5",
pages = "595-606",
year = "1993"
}

@article{MVACHER84,
author = "M. Vacher and G. Gimenez and R. Goutte",
title = "Nonlinear Behaviour of Micro-bubbles : Application to their Ultrasonic Detection",
journal = "Acustica",
volume = "54",
pages = "274-283",
year = "1984"
}

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@inproceedings{ccil:lecouteux2011b,
author = "B. Lecouteux and M. Vacher and F. Portet",
title = "Distant Speech Recognition in a Smart Home: Comparison of Several Multisource ASRs in Realistic Conditions",
pages = "2273-2276",
booktitle = "Interspeech 2011",
address = "Florence, Italy",
month = "Aug. 28-31",
year = "2011",
}

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@inproceedings{VACHER08_INTERSPEECH,
author = "M. Vacher and A. Fleury and J.-F. Serignat and N. Noury and H. Glasson",
title = "Preliminary evaluation of speech/sound recognition for telemedicine application in a real environment",
pages = "496-499",
booktitle = "Interspeech 2008",
address = "Brisbane, Australia",
month = "Sep. 22-26",
year = "2008",
}

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@inproceedings{FLEURY08_EMBC,
author = "A. Fleury and N. Noury and M. Vacher and H. Glasson and J.-F. Serignat",
title = "Sound and Speech Detection and Classification in a Health Smart Home",
pages = "4644-4647",
booktitle = "30th IEEE EMBS Annual International Conference",
issue = "Personalized Healthcare through Technology",
address = "Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
month = "Aug. 20-24",
year = "2008",
}

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@inproceedings{FLEURY08_ISG,
author = "A. Fleury and M. Vacher and H. Glasson and J.-F. Serignat and N. Noury",
title = "Data Fusion in Health Smart Home: Preliminary Individual Evaluation of Two Families of Sensors",
pages = "6p.",
booktitle = "The 6th International Conference of the International Society of Gerontology",
address = "Pisa, Italy",
month = "June 4-7, ",
year = "2008",
}

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@inproceedings{VACHER07_SINTES,
author = "M. Vacher and D. Istrate and J.-F. Serignat",
title = "Speech and Sound Analysis: an Application of Probabilistic Models",
pages = "173-178",
booktitle = "The International Symposium on System Theory, Automation, Robotics, Computers, Informatics, Electronics and Instrumentation",
address = "Craiova, Romania",
month = "Oct. 18-20, ",
year = "2007",
}

@inproceedings{ISTRATE07_ICICTH,
author = "D. Istrate and M. Vacher and J.-F. Serignat",
title = "Embedded Implementation of Distress Situation Identification through Sound Analysis",
pages = "226-231",
booktitle = "the 5th ICICTH International Conference on Information Communication Technologies in Health",
address = "Samos, Greece",
month = "Jul. 5-7, ",
year = "2007",
isbn = "",
url = http://www.ineag.gr/docs/Scientific_Programme_of_5th_ICicth_Samos_2007.pdf }

@inproceedings{VACHER07_SPED,
author = "M. Vacher and J.-F. Serignat and S. Chaillol",
title = "Sound Classification in a Smart Room Environment: an Approach using GMM and HMM Methods",
pages = "135-146",
booktitle = "Advances in Spoken Language Technology",
address = "Iasi, Romania",
month = "May 10-12, ",
year = "2007",
editor = "C. Burileanu, H.-N. Teodorescu",
isbn = "978-973-27-1516-1",
url = http://www.iit.tuiasi.ro/sped2007/index.html }

@inproceedings{ISTRATE06_EMBS,
author = "D. Istrate and M. Vacher and J.-F. Serignat",
title = "Generic Implementation of a Distress Sound Extraction System for Elder Care",
pages = "3309-3312",
booktitle = "28th IEEE EMBS Annual International Conference",
address = "New York City, USA",
month = "Aug 30-Sept 3, ",
year = "2006",
url = http://embc2006.njit.edu/index.php }

@inproceedings{VACHER06_COMMUNIC,
author = "M. Vacher and J.-F. Serignat and P. Menendez-Garcia and D. Istrate",
title = "First Implementation of a Sound/Speech Remote Monitoring Real-Time System for Home Healthcare",
pages = "111-115",
booktitle = "The 6th International Conference Communications",
address = "Bucharest, Romania",
editor = "A. Mateescu, M. Radu, A. Serbanescu, V. Croitoru",
isbn = "973-718-479-3",
day = "8-10",
month = "june",
year = "2006",
url = http://www.comm2006.ro/ }

@inproceedings{ISTRATE05GRETSI,
author = "Dan Istrate and Michel Vacher and Jean-François Serignat",
title = "Détection et classification des sons : application aux sons de la vie courante et à la parole",
volume = "1",
pages = "485-488",
booktitle = "Actes du 20ème colloque GRETSI : Traitement du Signal et des Images",
address = "Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique",
editor = "Presses universitaires de Louvain, Diffusion universitaire CIACO, 2005",
isbn = "2-87463-001-2",
day = "6-9",
month = "sep.",
year = "2005",
url = http://www.gretsi2005.org/ }

@inproceedings{VACHER05SPED,
author = "M. Vacher and D. Istrate and J.F. Serignat and N. Gac",
title = "Detection and SPeech/Sound Segmentation in a Smart Room Environment",
booktitle = "Proc. Trends in Speech Technology, The 3rd International Conference on Speech Technology and Human-Computer Dialogue, SpeD2005",
address = "Cluj, Romania",
editor = "Editura Academiei Române",
series = "ISBN 973-27-1178-7",
pages = "37-48",
day = "13-14",
month = "may",
year = "2005" }

@inproceedings{ISTRATE04ICOST,
author = "D. Istrate and M. Vacher and E. Castelli and C.-P. Nguyen",
title = "Sound Processing for Health Smart Home",
booktitle = "2nd International Conference on Smart homes and health Telematic",
address = "Singapore",
day = "15-17",
month = "sep.",
year = "2004",
url = http://icost2004.i2r.a-star.edu.sg/
};

@inproceedings{ISTRATE04CSIMTA,
author = "D. Istrate and M. Vacher and J.F. Serignat",
title = "Multichannel Smart Sound Sensor for Perceptive Spaces",
booktitle = "Complex Systems, Intelligence and Modern Technology Applications",
address = "Cherbourg, France",
editor = "JOUVE",
pages = "691-696",
day = "19-22",
month = "sep.",
year = "2004"
};

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@inproceedings{VACHER04CSIMTA,
author = "M. Vacher and D. Istrate and J.F. Serignat",
title = "Sound Detection through Transient Models using Wavelet Coefficient Trees",
booktitle = "Complex Systems, Intelligence and Modern Technology Applications",
address = "Cherbourg, France",
editor = "JOUVE",
pages = "367-372",
day = "19-22",
month = "sep.",
year = "2004"
};

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@inproceedings{MVACHER04EUSIPCO,
author = "M. Vacher and D. Istrate and J.F. Serignat",
title = "Sound Detection and Classification through Transient Models using Wavelet Coefficient Trees",
booktitle = "Proc. 12th European Signal Processing Conference",
address = "Vienna, Austria",
editor = "Suvisoft LTD",
pages = "1171-1174",
day = "6-10",
month = "sep.",
year = "2004",
url = http://www.nt.tuwien.ac.at/eusipco2004/
};

@inproceedings{MVACHER04BIOMED,
author = "M. Vacher and D. Istrate and L. Besacier and J.F. Serignat and E. Castelli",
title = "Sound Detection and Classification for Medical Telesurvey",
booktitle = "Proc. 2nd Conference on Biomedical Engineering",
address = "Innsbruck, Austria",
editor = "ACTA Press, Calgary",
series = "ISBN 0-88986-379-2",
pages = "395-398",
day = "16-18",
month = "feb.",
year = "2004",
url = http://www.iasted.org/conferences/2004/Innsbruck/biomed.htm
};

@inproceedings{VIRONE03IMBS,
author = "G. Virone and D. Istrate and M. Vacher and J.F. Serignat and N. Noury and J. Demongeot",
title = "First Steps in Data Fusion between a Multichannel Audio Acquisition and an Information System for Home Healthcare",
booktitle = "Proc. IEEE Engineering in Medecine and Biology Society",
address = "Cancun, Mexico",
pages = "1364-1367",
month = "sep.",
year = "2003",
url = http://itzamna.izt.uam.mx/cancun/EMBS2003.html
};

@inproceedings{ISTRATE03IMSA,
author = "D. Istrate and G. Virone and M. Vacher and E. Castelli and J.F. Serignat",
title = "Communication between a Multichannel Audio Acquisition and an Information System in a Health Smart Home for Data Fusion",
booktitle = "7th IASTED-IMSA",
address = Hawa\"{i}, USA",
editor = "ACTA Press, Calgary",
pages = "-",
month = "aug.",
year = "2003",
url = http://www.iasted.org/conferences/2003/hawaii/imsa.htm
}

@inproceedings{MVACHER03SIP,
author = "M. Vacher and D. Istrate and L. Besacier and J.F. Serignat and E. Castelli",
title = "Sound Extraction and Classification in Noisy Environment",
booktitle = "Proc. 5th IASTED-SIP,
address = Hawa\"{i}, USA",
editor = "ACTA Press, Calgary",
pages = "-",
month = "aug.",
year = "2003",
url = http://www.iasted.org/conferences/2003/hawaii/sip.htm
};

@inproceedings{ECASTEL03ICICTH,
author = "E. Castelli and M. Vacher and D. Istrate and L. Besacier and J.-F. Serignat",
title = "Habitat Telemonitoring System Based on the Sound Surveillance",
booktitle = "Proc. 1st International Conference on Information Communication Technologies in Health",
address = "Samos, Greece",
series = "ISBN 960-813-17-1",
pages = "141-146",
month = "jul.",
year = "2003",
url = http://www.ineag.gr/ICICTH/
};

@inproceedings{MVACHER03SOC,
author = "Michel Vacher and Dan Istrate and Laurent Besacier and Eric Castelli and Jean-Fran\c{c}ois Serignat",
title = "Smart Audio Sensor for Telemedecine",
booktitle = "Proc. Smart Object Conference ({SOC}'2003)",
address = "Grenoble, France",
pages = "222-225",
month = "may",
year = "2003",
url = http://www.grenoble-soc.com/
};

@inproceedings{lec1,
title = {Reconnaissance automatique de la parole distante dans un habitat intelligent : méthodes multi-sources en conditions réalistes},
author = {Benjamin Lecouteux and Michel Vacher and François Portet},
keywords = {domotique, parole distante, habitat intelligent, SRAP multisource},
language = {French},
booktitle = {{Actes de la conf{\'e}rence JEPTALN 2012}},
address = {Grenoble, France},
year = {2012},
month = June,
}

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@inproceedings{ama1,
title = {Étude de la performance des modèles acoustiques pour des voix de personnes âgées en vue de l'adaptation des systèmes de RAP},
author = {Frédéric Aman and Michel Vacher and Solange Rossato and Remus Dugheanu and François Portet and Juline le Grand and Yuko Sasa},
keywords = {reconnaissance automatique de parole, voix des personnes âgées, adaptation acoustique, régression linéaire du maximum de vraisemblance},
language = {French},
booktitle = {{Actes de la conf{\'e}rence JEPTALN 2012}},
address = {Grenoble, France},
year = {2012},
month = June,
}

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@inproceedings{port1,
title = {Les technologies de la parole et du TALN pour l'assistance à domicile des personnes âgées : un rapide tour d'horizon},
author = {François Portet and Michel Vacher and Solange Rossato},
keywords = {habitat intelligent, assistance à la vie autonome, reconnaissance automatique de la parole, traitement automatique du langage naturel},
language = {French},
booktitle = {{Actes de la conf{\'e}rence JEPTALN 2012}},
address = {Grenoble, France},
year = {2012},
month = June,
}

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@inproceedings{lec2,
title = {Reconnaissance d'ordres domotiques en conditions bruitées pour l'assistance à domicile},
author = {Benjamin Lecouteux and Michel Vacher and François Portet},
keywords = {Domotique, habitat intelligent, parole distante, SRAP multisource, détection de mots clefs},
language = {French},
booktitle = {{Actes de la conf{\'e}rence JEPTALN 2012}},
address = {Grenoble, France},
year = {2012},
month = June,
}

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@inproceedings{ama2,
title = {Contribution à l'étude de la variabilité de la voix des personnes âgées en reconnaissance automatique de la parole },
author = {Frédéric Aman and Michel Vacher and Solange Rossato and François Portet},
keywords = { reconnaissance automatique de parole, voix des personnes âgées, adaptation acoustique, assistance à la vie autonome },
language = {French},
booktitle = {{Actes de la conf{\'e}rence JEPTALN 2012}},
address = {Grenoble, France},
year = {2012},
month = June,
}

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@inproceedings{CHAHUARA2012,
title = {{M{\'e}thodes SVM et MLN pour la reconnaissance automatique d'activit{\'e}s humaines dans les habitats perceptifs: tests et perspectives}},
author = {Chahuara, Pedro and Fleury, Anthony and Vacher, Michel and Portet, Fran{\c c}ois},
keywords = {reconnaissance d'activit{\'e}, r{\'e}seaux logiques de Markov, SVM, habitat intelligent,, assistance {\`a} domicile},
language = {French},
booktitle = {{Actes de la conf{\'e}rence RFIA 2012}},
pages = {340-347},
address = {Lyon, France},
year = {2012},
month = Jan,
url = {http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00656557},
pdf = {http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00656557/PDF/rfia2012\_submission\_83.pdf},
}

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@inproceedings{CHAHUARA2011,
author = "Pedro Chahuara and Michel Vacher and François Portet",
title = "Localisation d'habitant dans un espace perceptif par réseau dynamique",
booktitle = "RTE-AFIA 2011, Représentation et Raisonnement sur le Temps et l'Espace",
address = "Chambéry, France",
pages = "10pp.",
month = "16-20 mai",
year = "2011",
url = http://www.iutbayonne.univ-pau.fr/~slaborie/RTE2011/Appel.html
};

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@inproceedings{CHAHUARA2010,
author = "Pedro Chahuara and Michel Vacher and François Portet",
title = "Localisation d'habitant dans un environnement perceptif non visuel par propagation d'activation multisource",
booktitle = "MAJECSTIC",
address = "Bordeaux, France",
pages = "8pp.",
month = "13-15 oct.",
year = "2010",
url = http://majecstic2010.labri.fr/versionsFinales.php
};

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@PhDThesis{t:vacher2011M,
author = "Vacher, Michel",
title = "{A}nalyse sonore et multimodale dans le domaine de l'assistance à domicile",
school = "{U}niversité de {G}renoble",
address = "Grenoble, France",
pages = "91pp.",
month = "18 oct.",
year = "2011",
typepub = {{HDR}},
type = {{HDR}},
keywords = {{R}econnaissance sonore, {P}arole distante, {M}ultimodalité, {L}ocalisation et suivi d'activités, {H}abitat {I}ntelligent},
};

Abstract - The average age of the population in industrialized countries is steadily increasing. Seniors living alone are more numerous, either because they prefer to live independently, or because of a lack of space in the specialized institutions. We must find solutions allowing them to continue to stay at home comfortably and safely. Smart housings can constitute one of these solutions.
One of the biggest challenges in Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) is to develop smart homes that anticipate the health needs of their inhabitants while maintaining their safety and comfort. It is therefore essential to facilitate interaction with the smart home through systems that respond naturally to voice commands, using microphones but no tactile interfaces.
This thesis defines the concept of smart home and describes some interesting projects. It then explains how home assistance can take advantage of this concept thanks to sound analysis.
The acceptability of a voice interface as part of the intelligent home has been studied through an experiment that showed what are the wishes, expectations and fears of older users, their families, and social workers.
Audio analysis in smart homes is a still unexplored research area, the interest and the methods to analyze sound information in a smart home have been studied here in an experiment which helped to highlight the challenges and technological obstacles to be removed in order to use sound information in addition to other modalities and, in the case of speech, distant speech recognition (ASR in remote recording conditions).
A practical solution using several microphones is then presented. The intended purpose is to achieve a voice control system which will allow the user to control their environment not only by conventional switches and remote control devices, but also by voice.
The advantage of the audio information combined with that of home automation sensors is then revealed through a multimodal analysis making it possible to locate a person in a smart home or to determine their activity. Localization is necessary, for example to determine the context in which a home automation command has been issued. The activity can be used to observe changes in the habits of a person to assist in diagnosis.
Finally, the thesis presents the perspectives of research and future projects of the author. It is accompanied by the reproduction of four scientific papers published in refereed selective conferences.

Résumé - La moyenne d'âge de la population des pays industriels augmente régulièrement. Les personnes âgées vivant seules sont de plus en plus nombreuses, soit parce qu'elles préfèrent vivre de manière autonome, soit par manque de place dans les institutions spécialisées. Il faut donc trouver des solutions leur permettant de continuer à rester chez elles de manière confortable et sûre. Les habitats intelligents peuvent constituer une de ces solutions.
Un des plus grands défis dans l'Assistance à la Vie Autonome (AVA) est de concevoir des habitats intelligents pour la santé qui anticipent les besoins de leurs habitants tout en maintenant leur sécurité et leur confort. Il est donc essentiel de faciliter l'interaction avec l'habitat intelligent grâce à des systèmes qui réagissent naturellement aux commandes vocales, en utilisant des microphones et pas des interfaces tactiles.
Ce mémoire définit le concept de maison intelligente et présente quelques projets intéressants. Il précise ensuite de quelle manière l'assistance à domicile peut tirer parti de ce concept en s'appuyant sur l'analyse sonore.
L'acceptabilité d'une interface vocale dans le cadre de l'habitat intelligent a été étudiée grâce à une expérience qui a montré quels étaient les souhaits, les attentes et les craintes des utilisateurs âgés, de leurs familles, et des travailleurs sociaux.
L'analyse audio dans la maison intelligente étant un domaine de recherche encore peu exploré, l'intérêt et la manière d'analyser les informations sonores dans un habitat intelligent sont ensuite abordés par une expérience qui a permis de mettre en évidence les défis et les verrous technologiques qui devront être levés pour pouvoir utiliser les informations sonores en complément des autres modalités, et, dans le cas de la parole, la reconnaissance en conditions d'enregistrement distant.
Une solution pratique mettant en oeuvre plusieurs microphones est ensuite présentée. Le but envisagé est la réalisation d'un système de commande vocale mettant l'utilisateur en mesure de piloter son environnement non seulement par les interrupteurs et télécommandes classiques, mais aussi par la voix.
L'intérêt de l'information audio combinée à celle des capteurs domotiques est ensuite mis en évidence au travers d'une analyse multimodale permettant de localiser une personne dans un habitat intelligent ou de déterminer son activité. La localisation est nécessaire, par exemple pour avoir connaissance du contexte dans lequel un ordre domotique a été donné. L'activité peut être utilisée pour observer une évolution des habitudes de la personne pour aider à un diagnostic.
Pour finir, le mémoire présente les perspectives de recherche et les projets à venir de l'auteur. Il est accompagné de la reproduction de 4 communications scientifiques publiées dans des congrès sélectifs à comité de lecture.

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